absolute zero = the temperature at which all molecular motion should cease
accelerator = a device that is used to accelerate charged particles to high speeds
accuracy = the relationship between the graduations on a measuring device and the actual standard for the quantity being measured
acid = a substance that produces hydrogen ions in water solution; a proton donor
acidic anhydride = a nonmetallic oxide that can react with water to form an acid
actinoid series = fourteen elements beginning with actinium in which the arrow diagram predicts the highest energy electrons to be in the 5f sublevel
activated complex = an assembly of atoms in an excited state between reactants and products in a chemical reaction
activation energy = the [energy] required to form the activated complex
activity = the effective concentration of a species
addition polymerization = the formation of a polymer through addition reactions
addition reaction = a [reaction]; the combining of two or more molecules through adding on at the double or triple bond of an unsaturated organic compound
adiabatic system = [system] in which heat neither leaves nor enters
adsorption = the process of one substance being attracted and held to the surface of another substance
alcohol = one of a class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of the hydroxyl group, -OH
aldehyde = one of the class of organic compounds characterized by the presence of the carbonyl group (>C = 0) on the end of the carbon chain(RCHO)
aliphatic = hydrocarbons consisting of chains or nonaromatic rings
alkali metal = an element in Group 1(IA)
alkaline earth metal = an element in Group 2(IIA)
alkane = an aliphatic hydrocarbon having only single carbon-carbon bonds
alkene = an aliphatic hydrocarbon having one or more double bonds
alkyne = an aliphatic hydrocarbon having one or more triple bonds
allotrope = form of an element differing in crystal or molecular structure
alloy = a mixture of a metal and one or more other elements, usually metals
alpha particle = a helium nucleus
amide = an organic compound containing the -CO-NH2 group; an inorganic compound containing NH2
amine = an organic compound derived from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by hydrocarbon radicals
amino acid = an organic compound characterized by the presence of an amino group and a carboxyl group on the same carbon atom
amorphous = a non-crystalline material that appears solid but without long-range order; supercooled liquid
ampere = the unit of electric current equal to one coulomb per second
amphoteric = having the ability to act as either an acid or a base
amplitude = the maximum value attained by a wave
anhydrous = without water
anion = a negative ion
anode = the positive electrode (general); the electrode at which oxidation occurs (electrochemical)
antiparticle = a particle identical to a second particle in all respects except for opposite charge and magnetic moment
aromatic compound = an organic ring [compound] containing one or more benzene rings
arrow diagram = a system for predicting the order of filling energy sublevels with electrons
atom = the smallest particle of an element
atomic mass = the [mass] of an atom in atomic mass units; the average mass of the atoms of an element
atomic mass unit = one-twelfth the mass of the carbon-12 atom
atomic number = the [number] of protons in the nucleus of an atom
atomic radius = the distance from the center of an atom to the 90% probability surface of the electron cloud
atomic theory = the body of knowledge concerning the existence of atoms and their characteristic structure
Avogadro constant = the number of objects in a mole; 6.022 136 7 x 10^23
Avogadro's principle = The [principle] that equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of molecules.
balance = an instrument used to measure mass
barometer = a manometer used to measure atmospheric pressure
baryon = a subatomic particle classified as a heavy hadron
base = a substance that produces hydroxide ions in water solution; a proton acceptor
basic anhydride = a metallic oxide that will react with water to form a base
beta particle = an electron (-) or positron (+)
binary acid = an [acid] containing only hydrogen and one other element
binary compound = a [compound] composed of only two elements
binding energy = the [energy] required to split the nucleus into separate nucleons
biochemistry = the study of the substances and reactions involved in life processes
body-centered cubic = having a unit cell with a particle at each vertex of a cube and a particle in the center of the cube
Bohr atom = planetary [atom] model
boiling point = the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the atmospheric pressure
bond = the force holding atoms together in a compound or molecule
bond angle = the [angle] between two bond axes extending from the same atom
bond axis = the imaginary line connecting the nuclei of two bonded atoms
bond character = the relative ionic or covalent nature of a chemical bond
bond length = the distance between the nuclei of bonded atoms
bond strength = the energy required to break a bond
Boyle's law = The volume of a specific amount of gas varies inversely as the pressure if the temperature remains constant.
branch = a carbon group, named as a radical, that is attached to the main carbon chain in an organic compound
Brownian motion = the random [motion] of colloidal particles due to their bombardment by the molecules of the dispersing medium
buffer system = a solution that can receive moderate amounts of either acid or base without significant change in its pH.
calorimeter = a device for measuring the transfer of heat during a chemical or physical change
capillary rise = the tendency of a liquid to [rise] in a tube of small diameter due to the surface tension of the liquid
carbide ion = a carbon atom that has gained four electrons; C^4-
carbohydrate = compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that are mostly simple sugars or condensation polymers of sugars
carboxylic acid = the class of organic compounds characterized by the carboxyl group (-COOH)
catalysis = the speeding up of chemical reactions by the presence of a substance that is unchanged after the reaction
catalyst = a substance that speeds a chemical reaction without being permanently changed itself
catenation = the joining of like atoms in chains.
cathode = the negative electrode (general); the electrode at which reduction occurs (electrochemical)
cathode rays = the beam of electrons in a gas discharge tube
cation = a positive ion
cell potential = the voltage obtained from a voltaic cell
cellulose = a woody polymer of glucose
Celsius scale = the temperature scale based on the boiling point of water as 100 degrees and the freezing point of water as 0 degrees
chain reaction = a [reaction] in which the product from each step acts as a reactant for the next step
chalcogen = an element in Group 16(VIA)
Charles's law = The volume of a specific amount of gas varies directly as the absolute temperature if the pressure remains constant.
chemical change = a [change]; a rearrangement of atoms and/or molecules to produce one or more new substances with new properties
chemical formula = the notation using symbols and numerals to represent the composition of substances
chemical property = a [property] characteristic of a substance when it is involved in a chemical change
chemical reaction = a [reaction] in which one or more substances are changed into one or more new substances
chemical symbol = a notation using one to three letters to represent an element
chemistry = the study of the structure and properties of matter
chromatography = the separation of a mixture using a technique based upon differential adsorption between a stationary phase and a mobile phase
closest packing = the crystal structure in which space between particles is minimized
coefficient = a numeral, representing the number of formula units of the substance, placed before a formula
colligative properties = the [properties] of solutions that depend only on the number of particles present without regard to type
colloid = a dispersion of particles from 1 nm to 100 nm in at least one dimension in a continuous medium
colloid chemistry = the study of colloids, especially of surfaces
column chromatography = [chromatography] in which the stationary phase is held in a column
combustion = burning, or reaction with oxygen producing heat and usually light
common ion effect = an equilibrium phenomenon in which an ion common to two or more substances in a solution shifts the point of equilibrium away from itself
complex ion = a central positive [ion] surrounded by bonded ligands
compound = a substance composed of atoms of two or more elements linked by chemical bonds
concentrated solution = a solution with a high ratio of solute to solvent
concentration = the ratio of the amount of solute to the amount of solvent or solution
condensation polymerization = the formation of a polymer and a small molecule, usually water, from monomers
condensed state = solid or liquid
conductivity = the relative ability to conduct heat and electricity
conjugate acid = the particle obtained after a base has gained a proton
conjugate base = the particle remaining after an acid has donated a proton
conjugated system = a group of four or more adjacent atoms in a molecule with an extended pi-bonding system
consumer product = an item for sale to the general public
contact catalyst = a [catalyst] that functions by adsorbing one of the reactants on its surface; a heterogeneous catalyst
containment vessel = a reinforced concrete and steel structure designed to contain any leakage from a nuclear reactor
continuous phase = the dispersing medium in a colloid
control rod = the neutron-absorbing substance used to control the rate of reaction in a nuclear reactor
coordinate covalent bond = a covalent [bond] in which both electrons of the shared pair come from the same atom
coordination number = the [number] of points at which ligands are attached to the central atom or ion in a complex ion or coordination compound
corrosion = the chemical interaction of a metal with its environment
coulomb = the quantity of electrical charge equal to the flow of one ampere for one second
counting number = natural [number]; any cardinal number except zero
covalent bond = a [bond] characterized by the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between two atoms
covalent radius = the [radius] of an atom along the bond axis
critical pressure = the [pressure] needed to liquefy a gas at its critical temperature
critical temperature = the highest [temperature] at which the vapor and liquid states of a substance can exist in equilibrium
crystal = a solid in which the particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern; a lattice
crystal defect = an imperfection in a crystal lattice
crystallization = the forming of crystals by evaporation or cooling
crystalloid = a substance that can penetrate a semipermeable membrane
cubic closest packing = face-centered cubic
cyclic = consisting of atoms bonded in a closed ring
cycloalkanes = hydrocarbons in which the carbon atoms are bonded in a ring and all bonds are single bonds
Dalton's law = In a mixture of gases, the total pressure of the mixture is the sum of the partial pressures of each component gas.
de Broglie's hypothesis = the [hypothesis] that particles may have the properties of waves.
decomposition = a reaction in which a compound breaks into two or more simpler substances
degenerate = having the same energy
dehydrating agent = a substance that can absorb water from other substances
deliquescent = the property of a solid to absorb sufficient water from the air to form a liquid solution
delocalization = the concept in which bonding electrons are not confined to the region between two atoms, but may be spread over several atoms or a whole piece of metal
density = mass per unit volume
desiccant = a drying agent
didentate = a ligand that attaches to the central ion in a complex in two places
diffusion = the spontaneous spreading of particles throughout a given volume until they are uniformly distributed
dilute solution = a [solution] with a low ratio of solute to solvent
dipeptide = two amino acids joined by an amide link
dipole = a polar molecule
dipole-dipole force = an attraction between dipoles; component of van der Waals forces
dipole-induced dipole force = an attraction between a dipole and a nonpolar molecule that has been induced to become a dipole; component of van der Waals forces
dipole moment = the strength of a dipole expressed as charge multiplied by distance
dislocation = a crystal defect
dispersed phase = colloidal particles distributed throughout the continuous phase
dispersion forces = the [forces] between particles that are not permanent dipoles; component of van der Waals forces
dissociation = the separation of ions in solution
distillation = a separation method based on the evaporation of a liquid and the condensation of its vapor
doping = the addition of impurities to a semiconductor to increase electrical conductivity
double bond = a covalent [bond] in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons
double displacement = a chemical reaction in which the positive part of one compound combines with the negative part of another compound, and vice versa
drift tube = an uncharged [tube] through which particles being accelerated travel while the decelerating part of an electromagnetic wave passes
ductility = noun--the ability of a substance to be drawn out into a thin wire
dynamic equilibrium = the state in which two opposite changes take place simultaneously and at the same rate so that there is no overall change in the system
edge dislocation = crystal defect in which an extra layer of atoms is found between unit cells
effusion = the movement of gas through a small opening
elastic = describing collisions in which kinetic energy is conserved
elastomer = a substance that can be deformed under the influence of an outside force but will return to its original shape once the force is removed
electric current = the flow of charged particles
electrochemistry = the study of the interaction of electric current and chemical reactions
electrode potential = the [potential] of a reduction half-cell compared to that of the standard hydrogen half-cell
electrolysis = a chemical change caused by an electric current
electrolyte = a substance whose aqueous solution conducts electricity
electrolytic cell = an electric [cell] in which passage of an electric current causes a chemical reaction
electrolytic conduction = the migration of ions in solution
electromagnetic energy = radiant [energy]; energy transferred by electromagnetic waves
electron = an elementary particle with unit negative charge
electron affinity = the attraction of an atom for an electron
electron cloud = the space effectively occupied by an electron in an atom
electron configuration = a description of the arrangement of the electrons in an atom
electronegativity = the relative attraction of an atom for a shared pair of electrons
electronic conduction = the flow of electrons in a metal
electrophoresis = the migration of colloidal particles in an electric field
element = a substance whose atoms all have the same number of protons in the nucleus
elimination reaction = an organic [reaction] in which a small molecule is removed from a larger molecule leaving a double bond in the larger molecule
empirical formula = the [formula] giving the simplest ratio between the atoms of the elements present in a compound
endergonic = a process having an increase in Gibbs free energy
endothermic = a change that takes place with the absorption of heat
endpoint = the point in a titration where equivalent amounts of reactants are present
energy = a property of matter that can be converted to work under the proper circumstances
energy level = a specific energy or group of energies that may be possessed by electrons in an atom
energy sublevel = a specific energy that may be possessed by electrons within an energy level in an atom
enthalpy = that part of the energy of a substance that is due to the motion of its particles added to the product of its volume and pressure
enthalpy of formation = the net amount of energy produced or consumed when a mole of a compound is formed from its elements
enthalpy of fusion = the energy required to change 1 gram of a substance from solid to liquid
enthalpy of reaction = the change in enthalpy accompanying a chemical [reaction]
enthalpy of solution = the change in enthalpy when one substance is dissolved in another
enthalpy of vaporization = the energy needed to change 1 gram of a substance from liquid to gas
entropy = the degree of disorder in a system
enzyme = a biological catalyst
equation = a symbolic expression representing a chemical change
equilibrium = a state in which no net change takes place in a system
equilibrium constant = a mathematical expression giving the ratio of the product of the concentrations of the products to the product of the concentrations of reactants in a chemical reaction
ester = an organic compound characterized by the functional group R-CO-O-R'
esterification = the production of an ester by the reaction of an alcohol with a carboxylic acid
ether = an organic compound characterized by the functional group R-0-R'
evaporation = the process by which surface particles of liquids escape into the vapor state
excess reactant = reactant remaining when all of some other reactant has been consumed
exergonic = a process having a decrease in Gibbs free energy
exothermic = a change that produces heat
experiment = a test of a hypothesis under controlled conditions
extensive property = a [property] dependent on the amount of matter present
face-centered cubic = having a [cubic] unit cell with the addition of a particle in the center of each face
factor-label method = a problem-solving [method] in which units (labels) are treated as factors
family = the elements composing a vertical column of the periodic table; a group
fat = a biological ester of glycerol and a fatty acid
first ionization energy = the [energy] required to remove the most loosely held electron from an atom
fission = the splitting of an atomic nucleus into two approximately equal parts
fluid = a material that flows (liquid or gas)
formula = the symbolic representation of a chemical compound
formula mass = the sum of the atomic masses of the atoms in a formula
formula unit = the amount of a substance represented by its formula
fractional crystallization = a separation method based on the difference in the solubility of substances
fractional distillation = a separation method based on the difference in the boiling points of substances
fractionation = separating a whole into its parts, a mixture into its components
free electrons = the delocalized electrons that are in a metal
freezing point = the temperature equal to the melting [point] of a pure substance
frequency = the number of complete wave cycles per unit of time
functional group = an atom other than hydrogen or carbon introduced into an organic molecule
functional isomers = organic compounds with the same formula, but with the non-hydrocarbon part of the molecule bonded in different ways
fusion reaction = nuclear [reaction] in which small nuclei are combined to make a larger nucleus
galvanizing = the coating of iron with a protective layer of zinc
galvanometer = an instrument used to detect an electric current
gamma ray = a quantum of energy of very high frequency and very short wavelength
gas = the state of matter in which particles are far apart and moving randomly
gas chromatography = a chromatographic method in which a carrier gas (inert) distributes the vapor being analyzed in a packed column
geometric isomers = compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of substituents around a double bond
Gibbs free energy = the chemical reaction potential of a substance or system
gluon = a theoretical massless particle exchanged by quarks
glycogen = a biological (specifically animal) polymer of glucose
Graham's law = The ratio of the relative rates of diffusion of gases is equal to the square root of the inverse ratio of their molecular masses.
gray = the unit of absorbed dose of radiation equivalent to 1 J/kg of living tissue
ground state = the [state] of lowest energy of a system
group = the elements of a vertical column in the periodic table; a family
hadrons = a class of heavy subatomic particles; leptons and _____.
half-cell = the part of an electrochemical cell in which either the oxidation or reduction reaction is taking place; single electrode in contact with the solution of an electrolyte
half-life = the length of time necessary for one-half an amount of a radioactive nuclide to disintegrate
half-reaction = either the oxidation or the reduction part of a redox reaction
halogen = an element in Group 17(VIIA)
heat = energy transferred due to differences in temperature
Heisenberg uncertainty principle = It is impossible to know exactly both the position and momentum of an electron at the same instant.
Henry's law = The mass of gas that will dissolve in a specific amount of a liquid varies directly with the pressure.
hertz = the unit of frequency equal to one cycle per second
Hess's law = The enthalpy change for an overall reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for all steps of the reaction.
heterogeneous = composed of more than one phase
heterogeneous catalyst = a [catalyst] in a phase different from that of the reactants
heterogeneous mixture = a combination of two or more substances that are not uniformly dispersed
heterogeneous reaction = a [reaction] in which not all reactants are in the same phase
hexagonal closest packing = having a crystal structure in which space between particles is minimized; found in most metals
high performance liquid chromatography = a type of column chromatography in which the surface area of the particles in the stationary phase is increased
homogeneous = uniform throughout
homogeneous catalyst = a [catalyst] in the same phase as the reactants
homogeneous reaction = a [reaction] in which the reactants are in the same phase
homologous series = compounds that differ from each other by a specific structural unit
hybrid orbitals = equivalent [orbitals] formed from orbitals of different energies
hybridization = the merging of two or more unlike orbitals to form an equal number of identical orbitals in an atom
hydrate = a compound (crystalline) in which the ions are attached to one or more water molecules
hydrated ion = complex ion in which the ligands are water molecules
hydration = the adhering of water molecules to dissolved ions
hydride ion = a hydrogen atom that has gained an electron; H^-
hydrocarbon = compound containing only the elements hydrogen and carbon
hydrogen bonding = a very strong dipole-dipole interaction involving molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative element (N, 0, F)
hydrogen ion = a hydrogen atom that has lost its electron; H^+; a proton
hydrolysis = the reaction of a salt with water to form a weak acid or weak base, or both
hydronium ion = H30^+
hygroscopic = absorbing water from the air
hypothesize = to propose an explanation based on observations
ideal gas = a model in which [gas] particles are mass points and exert no attraction for each other
ideal gas equation = PV = nRT
ideal solution = a [solution] in which all intermolecular forces are roughly equal
immiscible = a property of two liquids that will not dissolve in each other at all
indicator = a weak organic acid whose color differs from that of its conjugate; used to indicate the pH of a solution
induced dipole = a nonpolar molecule that is transformed into a [dipole] by an electric field
inductive effect = the influence of one functional group on another
inertia = the tendency of an object to resist any change in its velocity
infrared spectroscopy = the study of the behavior of matter when it is exposed to infrared radiation
inhibitor = a substance that stops or retards a chemical reaction by forming a complex with a reactant
inner transition elements = those [elements] that fall between numbers 57 and 70 (the lanthanoids) and between numbers 89 and 102 (the actinoids) of the periodic table
inorganic compound = a molecular [compound] that does not contain carbon
inorganic substance = a [substance] that is not a hydrocarbon or a derivative of a hydrocarbon
insulator = a material that does not conduct heat or electricity
intensive property = a [property] of a substance that is independent of the amount of matter present
interface = the area of contact between two phases
intermediate = the material that is produced from raw materials and processed further to produce some consumer products
intermolecular force = the [force] holding molecules to each other
internuclear distance = the [distance] between the nuclei of two atoms or ions
intramolecular force = the [force] holding atoms together in a molecule
ion = an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons
ion chromatography = a type of column [chromatography] in which the column is packed with an ion exchange resin
ion product constant of water = the product of the hydronium and hydroxide ion concentrations in [water] solutions, equal to 1.00 X 10^-14 at 250C
ionic bond = the electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge
ionic compound = a [compound] that is formed by ionic bonds
ionic radius = the [radius] of an ion
ionization constant = the equilibrium [constant] for the ionization of a weak electrolyte
ionization energy = the [energy] required to remove an electron from an atom
irreversible thermodynamic change = [change] in volume or pressure in which some energy is lost to an entropy change
isobaric process = a [process] taking place at constant pressure
isomer = a substance that has the same molecular formula as another substance, but differs in structure; a substance that exhibits isomerism with another substance
isomerism = the property of having more than one structure for the same formula
isomorphism = condition of two or more compounds having the same crystalline structure
isothermal process = a [process] taking place at constant temperature
isotope = one of two or more atoms having the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
joule = the SI unit of energy; 1 kg-m^2/s^2
Joule-Thomson effect = the cooling [effect] observed when a compressed gas is allowed to expand rapidly through a small opening
kelvin = the SI unit of temperature; 1/273.16 of the interval between absolute zero and the triple point of water
Kelvin scale = the temperature [scale] with 0 equal to absolute zero and 273.16 equal to the triple point of water
ketone = an organic compound characterized by the functional group R-CO-R'
kilogram = the SI unit of mass
kinetic energy = the [energy] of an object due to its motion
kinetic theory = the group of ideas explaining the interaction of matter and energy due to particle motion
kinetically stable = property of a compound for which the activation energy for decomposition is so high that reaction proceeds too slowly for a change to be detected
lanthanoid series = fourteen elements beginning with lanthanum in which the arrow diagram predicts the highest energy electrons to be in the 4f sublevel
law of conservation of energy = [Energy] is conserved in all nonnuclear changes; it cannot be created or destroyed.
law of conservation of mass = [Mass] is conserved in all nonnuclear changes; it cannot be created or destroyed.
law of conservation of mass-energy = Although they can be interconverted, the total amount of mass and energy in the universe is constant.
law of definite proportions = The elements composing a compound are always found in the same ratio by mass.
law of multiple proportions = The masses of one element that combine with a fixed amount of another element to form more that one compound are in the ratio of small whole numbers.
law of octaves = The same properties appear every eighth element when the elements are listed in order of their atomic masses.
Le Chatelier's principle = The [principle] that if a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress, the system will adjust so as to relieve the stress.
length = the distance between two points
leptons = light subatomic particles
Lewis electron dot diagram = the representation of an atom, ion, or molecule in which an element symbol stands for the nucleus and all inner level electrons while dots stand for outer level electrons
ligand = a negative ion or polar molecule attached to a central ion in a complex
limiting reactant = the [reactant] that is consumed completely in a chemical reaction
linear accelerator = a device for accelerating particles in a straight line
lipid = a biological molecule that is soluble in nonpolar solvents
liquefaction = condensing a gas to a liquid
liquid = the state of matter characterized by its constituent particles appearing to vibrate about moving points
liquid crystal = a substance that has order in the arrangement of its particles in only one or two dimensions
liter = one cubic decimeter
London forces = another name for dispersion [forces]
macromolecule = a crystal composed of a single molecule with all atoms covalently bonded in a network fashion
magnetohydrodynamics = the study of the behavior of plasmas in magnetic fields
malleability = noun--the property of a substance that allows it to be beaten into thin sheets
manometer = a device for measuring gas pressure
mass = measure of the amount of matter
mass defect = the difference between the mass of an atom and the sum of the masses of the particles composing it
mass-energy stoichiometry = a problem in which the amount of energy absorbed or released during a reaction can be calculated from the mass of materials
mass-mass stoichiometry = a problem in which the mass of one substance is provided and the mass of another substance must be calculated
mass number = the total [number] of protons and neutrons in an atom
mass spectrometry = an analysis of substances on the basis of the behavior of their ionized forms in magnetic and electric fields
material = a specific kind of matter
matter = anything that exhibits the property of inertia
mean free path = the average distance a particle travels between collisions
melting point = the temperature at which the vapor pressures of the solid and liquid phases of a substance are equal
meson = a subatomic particle classified as a hadron; made of a quark-antiquark pair
metal = an element that tends to lose electrons in chemical reactions
metallic bond = a force holding metal atoms together and characterized by free or delocalized electrons
metallic conduction = electronic [conduction] within a metal; flow of electrons in a metal
metalloid = an element that has properties characteristic of a metal and a nonmetal
metastable = the state in which no change will occur unless acted upon by an outside force, but not the most stable state
meter = the SI unit of length
miscibility = the ability of two liquids to dissolve in each other in all proportions
mixture = a material consisting of two or more substances
mobile phase = the fluid containing the mixture to be fractionated in chromatography
model = an arrangement analogous to, and useful for, understanding a system in nature, but existing only in one's mind
moderator = a substance used to slow neutrons in a nuclear reactor
molal boiling point constant = the change of the boiling point of a solvent in a one-molal solution
molal freezing point constant = the change of the freezing point of a solvent in a one-molal solution
molality = a unit of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent
molar heat capacity = the energy necessary to raise the temperature of one mole of a substance by one Celsius degree
molar mass = the [mass] in grams of one mole of a substance
molar volume = the [volume] occupied by one mole of a substance; equal to 22.414 10 dm^3 for a gas at standard temperature and standard atmospheric pressure
molarity = a unit of concentration equal to the number of moles of solute in a cubic decimeter of solution
mole = the Avogadro constant number of objects
mole fraction = a unit of concentration equal to the number of moles of component per mole of solution
molecular formula = a [formula] indicating the actual number of atoms of each element making up a molecule
molecular mass = the [mass] found by adding the atomic masses of the atoms comprising the molecule
molecule = a neutral group of atoms held together by covalent bonds
momentum = the product of mass and velocity
nematic substance = a [substance] that is a liquid crystal with one dimension of order
net ionic equation = a chemical [equation] with spectator ions eliminated
network crystal = a [crystal] in which each atom is covalently bonded to all its nearest neighbors, so that the entire crystal is one molecule
neutral = neither acidic nor basic (electrolytes); neither positive nor negative (electricity)
neutralization = combining equivalent amounts of acid and base
neutralization reaction = the double displacement [reaction] between an acid and a base to produce salt and water
neutrino = a neutral particle associated with leptons
neutron = a neutral subatomic particle; a hadron
Newtonian mechanics = the laws of [mechanics] applicable in the macroscopic world
nitrile = an organic compound characterized by the functional group -CN
nitro = the functional group -N02
noble gas = an element in Group 18(VIIIA)
noble gas configuration = a [configuration] of eight electrons in the outer energy level, except for helium with two electrons in the outer level
nonmetal = an element that tends to gain electrons in chemical reactions
nonvolatile = does not evaporate easily
normal boiling point = the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal to standard atmospheric pressure
nuclear force = the [force] holding nucleons together in a nucleus; strong _____.
nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy = the analysis of the structure of a substance by the behavior of its nuclei in a magnetic field
nuclear reactor = a device engineered to run a controlled nuclear reaction
nucleic acid = an organic compound containing nitrogenous bases, sugars, and phosphate groups; a compound that either transfers genetic information (DNA) or synthesizes biomolecules (RNA)
nucleon = a particle found in the nucleus of an atom; a proton or a neutron
nucleotide = a substance containing a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
nuclide = an atom of a specific energy with a specified number of protons and a specified number of neutrons in its nucleus
observe = to note with the senses, aided or unaided
octahedral = the shape in which six objects are equally spaced about a central object
octane rating = a system of [rating] gasoline based upon the proportions of heptane and 2,2,4-trimethylpentane in the mixture
octet = an especially stable arrangement of four pairs of electrons in the outer energy level of an atom
octet rule = the tendency of atoms to gain or lose electrons so that they acquire eight electrons in their outer level
ohm = the SI unit of electrical resistance; one volt per ampere
olefin = an alkene; any hydrocarbon that contains one double bond per molecule; used to manufacture fibers in which the _____ is polermized into a long-chain synthetic polymer
optimum conditions = the [conditions] maximizing the product of an equilibrium reaction
orbital = the space that can be occupied by 0, 1, or 2 electrons with the same energy level, energy sublevel, and spacial orientation
organic = pertaining to carbon compounds
organic chemistry = the [chemistry] of the compounds of carbon
organic compound = a [compound] containing carbon, with a very few exceptions
organic oxidation reaction = a [reaction]; the conversion of an organic compound to carbon dioxide, water, and other appropriate oxides
organic substance = a [substance] that is a compound that contains the element carbon; a few carbon compounds are considered inorganic
osmotic pressure = the [pressure] developed across a semipermeable membrane by differential diffusion through the membrane
oxidation = the loss of electrons
oxidation number = the apparent charge on an atom if the electrons in a compound are assigned according to established rules
oxidation-reduction reaction = a chemical [reaction] in which electrons are transferred
oxidizing agent = a substance that tends to gain electrons
packing = the adsorbent in a chromatographic column
pair repulsion = a model used to predict molecular shape based on the mutual repulsion of electron clouds
paper chromatography = a chromatographic method that uses paper as the stationary phase; the mobile phase moves by capillary action
parent chain = the longest continuous [chain] of carbon atoms in an organic compound
partially miscible = property of two liquids that dissolve in each other to some extent, but not completely
pascal = the SI unit of pressure; 1 N/m^2
Pauli exclusion principle = No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of quantum numbers.
peptide bond = an amide link; -CO-NH-
percent of ionization = the amount ionized divided by the original amount, multiplied by 100
percent composition = the mass of an element in a compound divided by the mass of the compound, multiplied by 100
percent yield = the mass of product actually obtained from a chemical reaction divided by the amount of product expected from a mass-mass calculation, multiplied by 100
period = a horizontal row of the periodic table
periodic law = The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic numbers.
periodic property = a [property] of elements that appears periodically when the elements are arranged in order of their atomic numbers
periodic table = a pictorial arrangement ([table]) of the elements based upon their atomic numbers and electron configurations
petroleum = a raw material consisting chiefly of a complex mixture of hydrocarbons
pH = -log[H30^+]
pH meter = an electronic device for the determination of pH values in solutions
pH scale = a logarithmic [scale] expressing degree of acidity or basicity
phase = a physically distinct section of matter with uniform properties set off from the surrounding matter by physical boundaries
phase diagram = a graphical representation of the equilibrium relationships of the phases of a substance
phenol = C6H5OH; any compound having a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring
photoelectric effect = ejection of electrons from a surface exposed to light
photon = quantum of visible radiant energy
physical change = a [change] in which the same substance is present before and after the change
physical property = a [property] that can be observed without a change of substance
pi bond = a [bond] formed by the sideways overlap of p orbitals
planetary model = the [model] of the atom in which the sun represents the nucleus and the planets represent the electrons
plasma = a state composed of electrons and positive ions that have been knocked apart by collisions at very high temperatures
pOH = -log[OH^-]
point mass = an ideal gas particle with [mass] but no dimensions
polar covalent = a bond formed by a shared pair of electrons that are more strongly attracted to one atom than to the other
polarity = property of a molecule caused by an unsymmetrical charge distribution
polyatomic ion = a group of atoms covalently bonded but possessing an overall charge
polymer = a very large molecule made from the same simple units repeated many times
polymerization = the formation of a polymer from monomers
polymorphism = the property of a substance whereby it exists in more than one crystalline form
polyprotic acid = an [acid] with more than one ionizable hydrogen atom
positional isomers = two or more molecules having the same formula but having a functional group in different positions on the parent chain
positron = the antiparticle of the electron
potential difference = the [difference] in electric potential
potential energy = the [energy] of an object due to its position
precipitate = a solid, produced by a reaction, that separates from a solution
precision = the measure of the reproducibility of measurements within a set
pressure = force per unit area
principal quantum number = the [quantum number] designating energy level and electron cloud size
probability = mathematical expression of "chance" or "odds"
product = a substance produced as the result of a chemical change
protein = a biological polymer of amino acids linked by amide groups
proton = positive nucleon
qualitative = concerning the kinds of matter present
quantitative = concerning the amounts of matter present
quantum = a discrete "packet" of energy
quantum mechanics = the laws of [mechanics] concerning the interaction of matter and radiation at the atomic and subatomic level
quantum number = a [number] describing a property of an electron in an atom
quantum theory = the [theory] that energy is transferred in discrete units
quark = a theoretical particle believed to be elementary and a constituent of a hadron
rad = 0.01 gray
radiant energy = [energy] being transferred between objects by electromagnetic waves
radical = a fragment of a molecule; neutral, yet at least one atom lacking its octet of electrons
radioactivity = spontaneous nuclear decay
Raoult's law = The law stating that the vapor pressure of a solution of a nonvolatile solute is the product of the vapor pressure of the pure solvent and the mole fraction of the solvent.
rate determining step = the slowest [step] in a reaction mechanism
raw material = a crude, unprocessed [material] found in nature and used to make intermediates or consumer products
reactant = a starting substance in a chemical reaction
reaction mechanism = the series of steps through which the reactants pass in being converted to the products in a chemical reaction
reaction rate = the [rate] of disappearance of a reactant or the rate of appearance of a product
real gas = a [gas] with particles of finite volume and van der Waals forces between particles
redox reaction = an oxidation-reduction [reaction]
reducing agent = a substance that tends to give up electrons
reduction = the gain of electrons
rem = 0.01 sievert
reversible change = a [change] that can also go in the opposite direction
reversible reaction = a [reaction] in which the products may react to produce the original reactants
reversible thermodynamic change = an ideal [change] in which the difference in pressure is infinitesimal
Rutherford-Bohr atom = the planetary [atom] model
salt = a compound formed from a positive ion other than hydrogen and a negative ion other than hydroxide
salt bridge = an ionic solution used to complete an electric circuit in a voltaic cell
saponification = the reaction of an ester with a strong aqueous base to form a soap and glycerol
saturated = the gaseous phase of a system with equilibrium between a substance and its vapor
saturated compound = a [compound] having only single bonds between carbon atoms
saturated hydrocarbon = a [hydrocarbon] in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds
saturated solution = a [solution] in which undissolved solute is in equilibrium with dissolved solute
science = the systematic investigation of nature
screw dislocation = a crystal defect due to improperly aligned unit cells
second = the SI unit of time
semiconductor = a substance that conducts electricity, but poorly
semipermeable membrane = a barrier allowing the passage of small ions and molecules but blocking passage of large particles
shared pair = a [pair] of electrons bonding two atoms together by being shared by the two atoms
shielding effect = the decrease in the attraction between outer electrons and the nucleus due to the presence of other electrons between them; electron _____.
SI units = the internationally accepted set of standards for measurements
side chain = a branch on the parent [chain] of an organic molecule
sievert = the SI unit used to measure the absorbed dose of radiation; ionizing radiation equal to 100 rem
sigma bond = a [bond] formed by the direct or end-to-end overlap of atomic orbitals
significant digits = the reliable [digits] in a measurement based on the accuracy of the measuring instrument
silicates = compounds containing silicon and oxygen
simple cubic = having a unit cell with one particle centered on each vertex of a cube
single displacement = a reaction in which one element replaces another in a compound
smectic substance = a [substance] that is a liquid crystal having two dimensions of order
solid = the state of matter characterized by particles that appear to vibrate about fixed points
solubility = the quantity of solute that will dissolve in a specified amount of solvent at a specific temperature
solubility product constant = the equilibrium [constant] for the dissolving of a slightly soluble salt
solute = the substance present in lesser quantity in a solution
solution = a homogeneous mixture composed of solute and solvent
solution equilibrium = the state in which solute is dissolving at the same rate that solute is coming out of solution
solvation = the attaching of solvent particles to solute particles
solvent = the substance present in the greater amount in a solution
space lattice = the arrangement pattern of the unit cells in a crystal
specific heat = the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree
specific rate constant = a [constant] relating the rate of a reaction to reactant concentrations
spectator ion = an [ion] present in a solution but not taking part in a chemical reaction
spectroscopy = the study of the interaction of matter and radiant energy
spectrum = a unique set of wavelengths absorbed or emitted by a substance
spin = a property of subatomic particles corresponding to rotation on an axis
spontaneous = occurring without outside influence
square planar = the arrangement in which four objects are at the corners of a square around a fifth object in the center
stability = the ability of a substance to remain undecomposed
standard atmospheric pressure = 101.325 kPa
standard solution = a [solution] whose concentration is known with a high degree of accuracy
standard state = thermodynamic reference conditions, 25.0 C, 101.3 kPa, 1M
standard temperature = 0 degrees C for gases; 25 degrees C for thermodynamics
starch = a biological (specifically plants) polymer of glucose
state = the particle arrangement in a phase as solid, liquid, gas, or plasma
state function = a thermodynamic quantity that is determined solely by the conditions, not the method of arriving at those conditions
stationary phase = the adsorbent in chromatography
stoichiometry = mass and volume relationships in chemical changes
STP = standard temperature and atmospheric pressure (273 K and 101.325 kPa)
strong acid = a completely ionized acidic electrolyte
strong base = a completely ionized basic electrolyte
structural isomers = two or more compounds with the same formula but differing arrangements of the parent carbon chain
subatomic particle = a [particle] smaller than an atom
sublevel = energy subdivision of an energy level
sublimation = the change directly from solid to gas
substance = a material with a constant composition
substituent = a hydrocarbon branch or functional group attached to the parent chain of an organic compound
substitution reaction = a [reaction] of organic compounds in which a hydrogen atom or functional group is replaced by another functional group
supercooled liquid = a [liquid] cooled below its normal freezing point without having changed state to the solid form
supersaturated solution = a [solution] containing more solute than would a saturated solution at the same temperature
surface tension = the apparent "skin" effect on the surface of a liquid or solid due to unbalanced forces on the surface particles
suspension = a dispersion of particles > 100 nm in a continuous medium
synchrotron = a device for accelerating particles in a circular path
synthesis = the formation of a compound from two or more substances
synthetic element = an [element] not occurring in nature
system = that part of the universe under consideration
technology = the practical applications of scientific discoveries
temperature = a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles composing a material
temporary dipole = a [dipole] formed from a nonpolar molecule for a brief period due to the presence of an electric field
ternary = composed of three elements
ternary acid = an [acid] containing hydrogen, usually oxygen, and one other element
tetradentate = describing a ligand that attaches to the central ion in four locations
tetrahedral = four objects equally spaced in three dimensions around a fifth object
theory = an explanation of a phenomenon
thermodynamic stability = the [stability] of a substance due to a positive change in the Gibbs free energy for the decomposition of the substance
thermodynamics = the study of the flow of energy in systems
thermometer = a device for measuring temperature
thin layer chromatography = a method of [chromatography] utilizing an adsorbent spread over a flat surface in a thin layer
time = the interval between two occurrences
titration = a laboratory technique for measuring the relative concentrations of solutions
tracer = a radioactive nuclide used to follow the progress of a reaction or a process
transistor = an electronic device made from a doped semiconductor
transition element = an [element] whose highest energy electron is in a d sublevel
transmutation = the conversion of one element into another
transuranium element = an [element] with an atomic number greater than that of uranium
triad = a group of three elements with similar properties
tridentate = a ligand that attaches to the central ion in three locations
tripeptide = three amino acids joined by amide links
triple bond = a [bond] in which two atoms share three pairs of electrons
triple point = the temperature and pressure at which all three states of a substance are in equilibrium
Tyndall effect = the scattering of light by colloidal or suspended particles
ultraviolet spectroscopy = the study of the interaction of matter and ultraviolet radiation
unit cell = the simplest unit of repetition in a crystal
unsaturated compound = an organic [compound] containing one or more multiple bonds
unsaturated hydrocarbon = [hydrocarbon] containing one or more multiple bonds
unsaturated solution = a [solution] containing less than the saturated amount of solute
unshared pair = a [pair] of electrons in an orbital belonging to one atom
van der Waals forces = weak [forces] of attraction between molecules
van der Waals radius = [radius] of closest approach of a nonbonded atom
vapor = the gaseous state of a substance that is liquid or solid at room temperature and pressure
vapor equilibrium = the [equilibrium] state between a liquid and its vapor
vapor pressure = the [pressure] exerted by a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid
velocity = the speed and direction of motion
viscosity = the resistance of a liquid to flow
visible spectroscopy = the study of the interaction of matter with visible radiation
vitamin = a group of biochemicals that are necessary for some enzymatic reactions to take place
volatile = an easily evaporated liquid
volt = the SI unit of electric potential difference
voltaic cell = a [cell] in which a chemical reaction generates an electric current
wave = a periodic disturbance in a medium
wave equation = the [equation] describing the behavior of the electron as a wave
wavelength = the distance between two successive crests of a wave
wave-particle duality of nature = All particles have wave properties and all waves have particle properties.
weak acid = a slightly ionized acidic electrolyte
weak base = a slightly ionized basic electrolyte
weak forces = an attraction of molecules for each other through the action of dipoles
weight = the gravitational attraction of Earth or a celestial body for matter
work = a force moving through a distance